DNA fingerprinting technique is useful in the identification of individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA. The method helps in extracting purified DNA through several stages.
The technology has various applications, including forensic science, paternity tests, and genetic research. This technique relies on the principle that DNA sequences are significantly unique to each person. In this blog, we will explore the applications of the DNA fingerprinting process in detail.
What Is DNA Fingerprinting?
DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to differentiate individuals based on their unique genetic makeup. The technique is also known as DNA profiling.
Genetic material varies from individual to individual. Even identical twins do not share the same DNA sequence. The process of DNA fingerprinting involves various steps, with the process beginning with sample collection. The sample is typically collected from blood, saliva, hair, or skin cells.
The sample is then treated with some enzymes or chemicals that open the cells. As the cells open, the content inside them gets released. In the next step, the DNA is extracted and cut into smaller pieces using restriction enzymes. The process of gel electrophoresis separates the DNA fragments depending on their size. The result is the formation of a pattern of bands unique to each individual.
Application of DNA Fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling, has numerous applications across various fields. Some of the key applications are as follows:
- Forensics – DNA fingerprinting technique plays a crucial role in forensic science. The technique helps identify suspects involved in crimes or criminal investigations. Firstly, the samples of suspects will be collected from the crime scene and sent to a lab for identification. The sample can be body fluids, hair, or skin, that is used to resolve criminal cases. The forensic experts analyse the sample to check if the DNA of the suspect matches with the sample.
- Paternity and Maternity Testing – DNA fingerprinting is an essential tool, widely used to establish biological relationships among individuals. In situations like legal disputes or personal matters, DNA paternity or maternity tests plays an important role.
- Medical Research – DNA fingerprinting technology plays a crucial role in medical genetics and research. The technique facilitates the study of genetic disorders, genetic predispositions, and population genetics.
- Identification of Human Remains – DNA fingerprinting performs a key function during disastrous events or accidents. Such events can cause severe damage or decomposition of the bodies who died in the mishap. DNA fingerprinting can reveal the identity of the deceased individuals through comparing the DNA profiles with their relatives.
- Identification of Animal and Plant – DNA fingerprinting is a useful tool in agriculture and conservation biology. It helps identify and track individual animals or plants. The technology also facilitates the study of genetic diversity and plans wildlife protection laws.
- Wildlife Forensic – DNA fingerprinting finds its application in wildlife forensics. The technique helps determine species, track poaching activities, and fight illegal wildlife trade. This technology involves analyzing genetic material from animals for identification of origin of confiscated products. It can help protect endangered species to aid biodiversity conservation efforts.
- Paternity Disputes – The technique serves as a useful tool in identifying biological relationships with high accuracy. The results of DNA fingerprinting can help in settling legal disputes crucial in family law cases.
- Research in Evolutionary Biology – DNA fingerprinting technique facilitates the study of evolutionary relationships between different species. The technique also supports processes such as genetic variation and speciation. The applications of DNA fingerprinting demonstrate the flexibility and the need for this technology in modern science, law enforcement, medicine, and conservation efforts.
DNA Fingerprinting Steps
The DNA Fingerprinting process reveals a unique genetic profile of an individual. The steps involved in DNA fingerprinting are as follows:
- Sample Collection – The process begins with the collection of biological samples from individuals for DNA extraction. The sources of sample collection can be blood, saliva, semen, hair roots, tissues, and buccal (cheek) cells obtained using swabs.
- DNA Extraction – The collected samples are manipulated using specialized techniques for DNA extraction. The sample is treated with several enzymes or chemicals to release the cell contents. The cells contain proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. The enzymes release and isolate the DNA from the other cellular content.
- DNA Amplification – The process of DNA fingerprinting involves DNA amplification. It is achieved with the help of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), which creates numerous copies of specific DNA regions. This step involves amplifying small or degraded samples, making them suitable for analysis. DNA amplification obtains accurate material for identifying unique genetic markers in individuals.
- Fragment Separation – Gel electrophoresis separates the amplified DNA fragments based on their size. The DNA fragments move rapidly as they are subject to the electric field. The migration of fragments will depend on their size.
- Visualization – This step involves detecting and interpreting the banding patterns of the DNA. The patterns will be different and unique in each case.
- Analysis – The DNA fingerprint patterns taken from different samples are compared for evidence in crime investigations.
DNA Fingerprinting Diagram
A DNA fingerprinting diagram shows the unique banding patterns of DNA fragments isolated by gel electrophoresis. The restriction enzyme cuts the DNA into fragments, which are mixed with a gel to create distinct bands based on size. The resulting patterns are further used for individual identification in forensic analysis.
The Link Between DNA Fingerprinting and Genetic Testing
DNA fingerprinting and genetic testing are techniques that involve DNA analysis to reveal genetic information.
The process of DNA fingerprinting helps identify unique DNA patterns for individual identification, whereas genetic testing determines specific genes or markers to assess risk and diagnose genetic diseases.
Genetic testing also determines biological relationships. Both techniques perform precise DNA analysis to obtain accurate results.
Conclusion
The technique of DNA fingerprinting involves a series of steps, ranging from sample collection to analysis. The process helps create a unique genetic profile for everyone.
The technique has various applications including forensic investigations, paternity or maternity testing, and various fields of biological research. DNA fingerprinting serves as a reliable method for DNA identification and comparison.
